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- <text id=94TT1245>
- <title>
- Sep. 19, 1994: Environment:Keeping Cool about Risk
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Sep. 19, 1994 So Young to Kill, So Young to Die
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ENVIRONMENT, Page 70
- Keeping Cool about Risk
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By J. Madeleine Nash
- </p>
- <p> Alar on apples, radon in homes, asbestos in schools. the U.S.
- appears to ricochet from one environmental crisis to another,
- with the result that policy aimed at reducing risks to human
- health frequently appears to make little economic or scientific
- sense. Even some environmentalists concur that decisions to
- rip asbestos out of school buildings were probably ill considered.
- In many cases, sealing the dangerous fibers in place would have
- provided a more prudent and less costly remedy. Similarly, while
- no one denies that homes with high levels of radon pose a health
- hazard requiring prompt attention, what about houses with much
- lower levels? Is it reasonable to urge that they too be radonproofed
- if there is no certainty that a danger exists?
- </p>
- <p> Now environmentalists say dioxin and scores of other chemicals
- pose a threat to human fertility--as scary an issue as any
- policymakers have faced. But in the absence of conclusive evidence,
- what are policymakers to do? What measures can they take to
- handle a problem whose magnitude is unknown?
- </p>
- <p> Predictably, attempts to whipsaw public opinion have already
- begun. Corporate lobbyists urge that action be put on hold until
- science resolves the unanswered questions. Environmentalists
- argue that evidence for harm is too strong to permit delay.
- The issue is especially tough because the chemicals under scrutiny
- are found almost everywhere.Since many of them contain chlorine
- or are by-products of processes involving chlorine compounds,
- the environmental group Greenpeace has demanded a ban on all
- industrial uses of chlorine. The proposal seems appealingly
- simple, but it would be economically wrenching for companies
- and consumers alike.
- </p>
- <p> With the escalating rhetoric, many professionals in the risk-assessment
- business are worried that once again emotion rather than common
- sense will drive the political process. "There is no free lunch,"
- observes Tammy Tengs, a public-health specialist at Duke University.
- "When someone spends money in one place, that money is not available
- to spend on other things." She and her colleagues have calculated
- that tuberculosis treatment can extend a person's life by a
- year for less than $10,000--surely a reasonable price tag.
- By contrast, extending a life by a year through asbestos removal
- costs nearly $2 million, since relatively few people would die
- if the asbestos were left in place. That kind of benefit-risk
- analysis all too rarely informs the decisions made by government
- regulators.
- </p>
- <p> As the EPA raises anew the dangers of dioxin, the agency needs
- to communicate its findings to the public in a calm and clear
- fashion. No one is eager to touch off the kind of hysteria that
- preceded the government's decision to move against Alar, the
- growth regulator once used by apple growers. When celebrities
- like Meryl Streep spoke out against Alar and the press fanned
- public fears, some schools and parents rushed to pluck apples
- out of the mouths of children. Yet all this happened before
- scientists had reached any consensus about Alar's dangers.
- </p>
- <p> Rhetoric about dioxin may push the same kind of emotional buttons.
- The chemical becomes relatively concentrated in fat-rich foods--including human breast milk. Scientists estimate that a substantial
- fraction of an individual's lifetime burden of dioxin--as
- much as 12%--is accumulated during the first year of life.
- Nonetheless, the benefits of breast-feeding infants, the EPA
- and most everyone else would agree, far outweigh the hazards.
- </p>
- <p> John Graham, director of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis,
- suggests that people should strive to keep the perils posed
- by dioxin in perspective and remember other threats that are
- more easily averted. "Phantom risks and real risks compete not
- only for our resources but also for our attention," Graham observes.
- "It's a shame when a mother worries about toxic chemicals, and
- yet her kids are running around unvaccinated and without bicycle
- helmets."
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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